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MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) (Scientific Citations and Articles)       This site documents hazards associated with the MMR (and measles) vaccines. A Special 6-minute Flash Presentation The MMR Vaccine: Albonico, H., Klein, P., et al. "The immunization campaign against measles, mumps and rubella -- coercion leading to a realm of uncertainty: medical objections to a continued MMR immunization campaign in Switzerland." JAM 1992; 9(1). [180 European medical doctors oppose the use of MMR.] Wakefield, A., et al. "Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine: through a glass, darkly." Adverse Drug Reaction and Toxicologica Reviews 2000; 19(4):265-283. Templeton, S. "MMR vaccine should not have been licensed." Sunday Herald (London: December 10, 2000). [Article] Petrovic, M., et al. "Second dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: questionnaire survey of health professionals." British Medical Journal 2001; 322:82-85. [Doctors and nurses do not recommend it.] BBC News. "Why Japan stopped using MMR," (February 8, 2002). www.news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_1808000/1808316.stm The MMR (or Measles) Vaccine and Autism: Oleske, J. "Elevated rubeola [measles] titers in autistic children." Abstract presented by D. Zecca and Dr. Graffino at an NIH meeting (September 23, 1997). As quoted by Richard Gallup in "Autism and autoimmunity." www.chiroweb.com/archives/18/14/10.html (April 15, 2002.) Fudenberg, H.H. "Dialysable lymphocyte extract (DlyE) in infantile onset autism: a pilot study." Biotherapy 1996; 9:143-147. Gupta, S. "Immunology and immunologic treatment of autism." Proceedings of the National Autism Association, Chicago 1996: 455-460. Wakefield, A.J., et al. "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children." Lancet 1998; 351:637-641. Yazbak, F.E. "Autism: Is there a vaccine connection? Part I. Vaccination after delivery." 1999. www.garynull.com/documents/autism99b.htm Yazbak, F.E. "Autism: Is there a vaccine connection? Part II. Vaccination around pregnancy." 1999. www.garynull.com/documents/autism99b2.htm Yazbak, F.E. "Autism: Is there a vaccine connection? Part III. Vaccination around pregnancy, the sequel." 2000. www.garynull.com/documents/autism99b3.htm "Autism: Present Challenges, Future Needs -- Why the Increased Rates?" Government Reform Committee Hearing, Washington, DC. (April 6, 2000.) "Autism: Why the Increased Rates? A One-Year Update." Government Reform Committee Hearing, Washington, DC. (April 25-26, 2001.) "The Autism Epidemic: Is the NIH and CDC Response Adequate?" Government Reform Committee Hearing, Washington, DC. (April 18, 2002.) "The Status of Research into Vaccine Safety and Autism." Government Reform Committee Hearing, Washington, DC. (June 19, 2002.) Kawashima, K., et al. "Detection and sequencing of measles virus from peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and autism." Digestive Diseases and Sciences (April 2000); 45:723-729. Reuters Medical News. "Measles persistence confirmed in some patients with IBD, autistic enterocolitis." (June 20, 2000). www.id.medscape.com/reuters/prof/2000/06/06.20/20000620scie001.html Wakefield, A.J. et al. "Enterocolitis in children with developmental disorders." American Journal of Gastroenterology 2000; 95(9):2154-2156. Wakefield, A., et al. "Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine: through a glass, darkly." Adverse Drug Reaction and Toxicologica Reviews 2000; 19(4):265-283. Kiln MR, "Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine." Lancet 1998 May 2;351(9112):1358.  Selway, "MMR vaccination and autism 1998. Medical practitioners need to give more than reassurance." BMJ 1998 Jun 13;316(7147):1824.  Nicoll A, Elliman D, Ross E, "MMR vaccination and autism 1998," MJ 1998 Mar 7;316(7133):715-716.  Lindley K J, Milla PJ, "Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine."Lancet 1998 Mar 21;351(9106):907-908. Bedford H, et al, "Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine." Lancet 1998 Mar 21;351(9106):907. Vijendra K. Singh, Sheren X. Lin, and Victor C. Yang, "Serological Association of Measles Virus and Human Herpesvirus-6 with Brain Autoantibodies in Autism," Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, Oct 1998, Vol. 89, No. 1, p 105-108. Figure 1: MMR Vaccine: Adverse Reactions Copyright, NZM. All Rights Reserved. Severe Afflictions affecting nearly every body system -- blood, lymphatic, digestive, cardiovascular, immune, nervous, respiratory, and sensory -- have been linked to the MMR vaccine. Source: Multiple studies; The vaccine manufacturer; Physician's Desk Reference (PDR); 55th edition, 2001, p. 1954. MMR Information Measles (or MMR) Vitamin A Improves Measles Complication Rates: Clinical Infectious Diseases (September 1994), p. 493. Oomen, APC. "Clinical experience of hypovitamine A." Fed Proc 1958; 17:111-124. Wilson, D., et al. "Infection and nutritional status. III. The effect of measles on nitrogen metabolism in children." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1961; 9:154-58. Sommer, A., et al. "Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with pre-existing mild vitamin A deficiency." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1984; 40:1090-95. Sommer, A., et al. "Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mortality: a randomized clinical trial." Lancet 1986; 1:1169-73. Barclay, A.J.G., et al. "Vitamin A supplements and mortality related to measles: a randomised clinical trial." British Medical Journal (January 31, 1987), pp. 294-96. Keusch, G.T. "Vitamin A supplements -- too good to be true." New England Journal of Medicine (October 4, 1990), p. 986. Frieden, T.R., et al. "Vitamin A levels and severity of measles: New York City." Am J Dis Child 1992; 146:182-86. Pediatric Nursing (September/October 1996). Fever Reducers (aspirin) Prolong Measles Complication Rates: Witsenburg, B.C. "Measles mortality and therapy," pp. 26-27. From an abstract of a 1967-1968 measles epidemic study conducted in Ghana. Ahmady, A.S., et al. "The adverse effects of antipyretics in measles." Indian Pediatrics (January 1981), pp. 49-52. The Measles (and MMR) Vaccine and Neurological Disorders (Including Central Nervous System Damage, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis [brain disease], and Guillain-Barre' syndrome [paralysis]): Schneck, S.A. "Vaccination with measles and central nervous system disease." Neurology 1968; 18 (Part 2):79-82. Jabbour, J.T., et al. "Epidemiology of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)." Journal of the American Medical Association 1972; 220:959-62. Belgamwar, R.B., et al. "Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine induced subacute sclerosing panencephalitis." Journal of the Indian Medical Association 1997; 95(11):594. Landrigan, P.J., et al. "Neurological disorders following live measles-virus vaccination." Journal of the American Medical Association 1973; 223 (13):1459-62. Miller, C.L. Lancet (September 17, 1983). Beale, A.J. "Measles vaccines." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1974; 67:1116-1119. Roden, A.T. "Fits following immunization." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1974; 67:24. Jagdis, F., et al. "Encephalitis after administration of live measles vaccine." Journal of the Canadian Medical Association (April 19, 1975); 112(8):972-75. Hirayama, M. "Measles vaccines used in Japan." Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1983; 5:495-503. Pollock, T.M., et al. "A 7-year survey of disorders attributed to vaccination in Northwest Thames Region." Lancet 1983; 1:753-57. Jorch, G. et al. "Coincidence of virus encephalitis and measles-mumps vaccination." Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1984; 132(5):299-300. Martinon-Torres, F., et al. "Self-limited acute encephalopathy related to measles component of viral triple vaccine." Rev Neurol (May 1-15, 1999); 28(9):881-82. Grose, C., et al. "Guillain-Barre syndrome following administration of live measles vaccine." American Journal of Medicine 1976; 60:441-43. Norrby, R. "Polyradiculitis in connection with vaccination against morbilli, parotitis and rubella." Lakartidningen 1984; 81:1636-37. Morris, K., et al. "Guillain-Barre syndrome after measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine." Lancet 1994; 343:60. The Measles (and MMR) Vaccine and Serious Blood Disorders: Oski, F.A. and Naiman, J.L. "Effect of live measles vaccine on the platelet count." New England Journal of Medicine 1966; 265:352-56. Bottiger, M., et al. "Swedish experience of two dose vaccination programme aiming at eliminating measles, mumps, and rubella." British Medical Journal 1987; 295:1264-67. Koch, J. et al. "Adverse events temporally associated with immunizing agents—1987 report." Canada Diseases Weekly Report 1989; 15:151-58. Fescharek, R., et al. "Measles-mumps vaccination in the FRG: an empirical analysis after 14 years of use. II. Tolerability and analysis of spontaneously reported side effects." Vaccine 1990; 8:446-56. Nieminen, U., et al. "Acute thrombocytopenic purpura following measles, mumps and rubella vaccination: A report on 23 patients." Acta Paediatrica 1993; 82:267-70. 146. Farrington, P., et al. "A new method for active surveillance of adverse events from diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis and measles/mumps/rubella vaccines." Lancet 1995; 345: 567-69. Jonville-Bera, A.P., et al. "Thrombocytopenic purpura after measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination: a retrospective survey by the French Regional Pharmacovigilance Centres and Pasteur-Merieux Serums et Vaccins." Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:44-48. Beeler, J. et al. "Thrombocytopenia after immunization with measles vaccines: review of the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting Systerm (1990-1994)." Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:88-90. The Measles (and MMR) Vaccine and Sensory Impairments (Including Eye Disorders and Hearing Loss): Kazarian, E.L., et al. "Optic neuritis complicating measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination." American Journal of Ophthalmology 1978; 86:544-47. Marshall, G.S., et al. "Diffuse retinopathy following measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination." Pediatrics 1985; 76:989-991. Brodsky, L., et al. "Sensorineural hearing loss following live measles virus vaccination." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 1985; 10:159-63. Nabe-Nielsen, J., et al. "Unilateral deafness as a complication of the mumps, measles, and rubella vaccination." British Medical Journal 1988; 297:489. Hulbert, T.V., et al. "Bilateral hearing loss after measles and rubella vaccination in an adult." New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 325:134. Stewart, B.J.A., et al. "Reports of sensorineural deafness after measles, mumps, and rubella immunisation." Archives of Diseases of Childhood 1993; 69:153-54. The Measles (and MMR) Vaccine and Immune System Damage (Other Than Autism): Hirsch, R.L., et al. "Measles virus vaccination of measles seropositive individuals suppresses lymphocyte proliferation and chemotactic factor production." Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 1981; 21:341-50. Nicholson, J.K.A., et al. "The effect of measles-rubella vaccination on lymphocyte populations and subpopulations in HIV-infected and healthy individuals." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1992; 5:528-537. The Measles (and MMR) Vaccine and Bowel Disease: Thompson, N.P., Wakefield, A.J, et al. "Is measles vaccination a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease?" Lancet 1995; 345:1071-1074. Barton, J.R., et al. "Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Scottish children between 1968 and 1983: marginal fall in ulcerative colitis; three-fold rise in Crohn's disease." Gut 1989; 30:618-622. Whelan, G. "Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease." Med Clin N Am 1990; 74:1-12. Ekbom, A., et al. "The role of perinatal measles infection in the aetiology of Crohn's disease: a population-based epidemiological study." Lancet 1994; 334:508-510. Miyamoto, H., et al. "Detection of immunoreactive antigen with monoclonal antibody to measles virus in tissue from patients with Crohn's disease." Journal of Gastroenterology 1995; 30:28-33. Wakefield, A.J., et al. "Evidence of persistent measles virus infection in Crohn's disease." Journal of Medical Virology 1993; 39:345-53. Wakefield, A.J., et al. "Crohn's disease: pathogenesis and persistent measles virus infection." Gastroenterology 1995; 108:911-916. Lewin, J., et al. "Confirmation of persistent measles virus infection of intestinal tissue by immunogold electron microscopy." Gut 1995; 36:564-69. The Measles (and MMR) Vaccine and Severe Allergic Reactions: Aukrust, L., et al. "Severe hypersensitivity or intolerance reactions to measles vaccine in six children: clinical and immunological studies." Allergy 1980; 35(7):581-87. McEwen, J. "Early-onset reaction after measles vaccination: further Australian reports." Medical Journal of Australia 1983; 2:503-505. Koch, J., et al. "Adverse events temporally associated with immunizing agents—1987 report." Canada Diseases Weekly Report 1989; 15:151-58. Kelso, J.M., et al. "Anaphylaxis to measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine mediated by IgE to gelatin." J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 91:867-72. Sakaguchi, M., et al. "IgE antibody to gelatin in children with immediate-type reactions to measles and mumps vaccines." J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 96:563-65. The Measles Vaccine and "Atypical" Measles: Cherry, J.D. "The 'new' epidemiology of measles and rubella." Hospital Practice (July 1980), pp. 53-54. Fulginiti, V.A., et al. "Altered reactivity to measles virus; atypical measles in children previously immunized with inactivated measles virus vaccines." Journal of the American Medical Association 1967; 202:1075. Martin, D.B., et al. "Atypical measles in adolescents and young adults." Annals of Internal Medicine 1979; 90:877. Gold, E. "Current progress in measles eradication in the United States." Infect Med 1997; 14(4):297-300, 310. Nichols, E.M. "Atypical measles: a continuing problem." American Journal of Public Health 1979; 69(2):160-62. Scott, T.F., et al. "Reactions to live-measles-virus vaccine in children previously inoculated with killed-virus vaccine." New England Journal of Medicine 1967; 277(5):248-251. Cherry, J.D., et al. "Atypical measles in children previously immunized with attenuated measles virus vaccines." Pediatrics 1972; 50(5). St. Geme, J.W., et al. "Exaggerated natural measles following attenuated virus immunization." Pediatrics 1976; 57:148-150. "Atypical measles syndrome." Lancet 1979, pp. 962-963. The Measles Death Rate Tumbled Prior to the Measles Vaccine: Alderson, Michael. International Mortality Statistics (Washington, DC: Facts on File, 1981), pp. 182-183. The Measles Vaccine is Ineffective (Outbreaks Often Occur Among Highly, or Fully, Vaccinated Populations): FDA. "FDA workshop to review warnings, use instructions, and precautionary information [on vaccines]." (Rockland, Maryland: FDA, September 18, 1992), p. 27. Faich, G.A., et al. "Measles outbreak in Rhode Island." Public Health Report 1981 May-June; 96(3):264-266. CDC. MMWR (February 1, 1985). CDC. MMWR (June 1984). CDC. MMWR (June 6, 1987). Gustafson, T. "Measles outbreak in a fully immunized secondary school population." New England Journal of Medicine 1987; 316:771-74. Markowitz, L.E., et al. "Patterns of transmission in measles outbreaks in the United States, 1985-1986." New England Journal of Medicine 1989; 320:75-81. Robertson, S.E., et al. "A million dollar measles outbreak: epidemiology, risk factors, and a selective revaccination strategy." Public Health Reports (January-February 1992), p. 24. Edmonson, M.B., et al. "Mild measles and secondary vaccine failure during a sustained outbreak in a highly vaccinated population." Journal of the American Medical Association 1990; 263:2467-71. Minnesota Department of Health. "Measles summary, 1987." CDC. "Measles." MMWR 1989; 38:329-330. CDC. "Measles -- Quebec." MMWR 1989; 38:329-30. CDC. "Measles -- United States, 1990." MMWR 1991; 40(2):369. CDC. "U.S. Childhood Immunization Update: Measles." (March 1997). CDC. "Measles -- United States, 1999." MMWR 2000; 49(25): 557-560. Natural Immunity is Superior: CDC. "Babies of vaccinated moms more susceptible to measles." Pediatrics (November 1999). "Natural immunity to measles yields greater neutralizing capacity than vaccination." Journal of Medical Virology 2000; 62:91-98. The Measles Vaccine Alters the Epidemiology of the Disease (It Causes Higher Rates of Measles in High-Risk Groups): Cherry, J.D. "The 'new' epidemiology of measles and rubella." Hospital Practice (July 1980), p. 51. Macgregor, J.D., et al. "Epidemic measles in Shetland during 1977 and 1978." British Medical Journal 1981; 282(6262):434-436. Gold, E. "Current progress in measles eradication in the United States." Infect Med 1997; 14(4):297-300, 310. CDC. "Measles -- United States, 1999." MMWR 2000; 49(25): 557-560. Authorities Experimented on Children with a Proven Deadly Measles Vaccine: Sabin, A.B., et al. "Successful immunization of children with and without maternal antibody by aerosolized measles vaccine. I. Different results with undiluted human diploid cell and chick embryo fibroblast vaccines." JAMA 1983; 249:2651-62. Sabin, A.B., et al. "Successful immunization of children with and without maternal antibody by aerosolized measles vaccine. II. Vaccine comparisons and evidence for multiple antibody response." JAMA 1984; 251:2363-71. Whittle, H.C., et al. "Immunisation of 4-6 month old Gambian infants with Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine." Lancet 1984; ii:834-37. Whittle, H., et al. "Trial of high-dose Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine in The Gambia: antibody response and side-effects." Lancet 1988; ii:811-814. Aaby, P., et al. "Trial of high-dose Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine in Guinea-Bissau: protective efficacy." Lancet 1988; i:809-811. Garenne, M., et al. "Child mortality after high-titre measles vaccines: prospective study in Senegal." Lancet 1991; 338:903-907. Whittle, H.C. "Effect of dose and strain of vaccine on success of measles vaccination of infants aged 4-5 months." Lancet 1988; i:963-66. Khanum, S., et al. "Comparison of Edmonston-Zagreb and Schwartz strains of measles vaccine given by aerosol or subcutaneous injection." Lancet 1987; i:150-53. Tidjani, O., et al. "Serological effects of Edmonston-Zagreb, Schwartz, and AIK-C measles vaccine strains given at ages 4-5 or 8-10 months." Lancet 1989; ii:1357-60. Markowitz, L.E., et al. "Immunization of six-month-old infants with different doses of Edmonston-Zagreb and Schwartz measles vaccines." New England Journal of Medicine 1990; 332:580-87. Awadu, K.O. Outrage! How Babies Were Used as Guinea Pigs in an L.A. County Vaccine Experiment. (Long Beach, CA: Conscious Rastra Press, 1996).

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